Appearance versus Reality in Bertrand Russells The...

Appearance versus Reality in Bertrand Russells The Problems of Philosophy Bertrand Russells method of approaching his subject in Problems of Philosophy embraces the Cartesian technique of radical doubt, in which the author revokes any former assumptions about certain reality and existence. In the first chapters, Russells enquiry into the nature of reality in comparison to appearance begins with the observation of his immediate surroundings. By examining a table, for example, he determines that the tables colour, texture, and shape are sufficient to prompt doubt as to whether or not the table exists. The sensations of these qualities are not fixed by a reality; they are apparent possibilities and each depends on the conditions of†¦show more content†¦. Sense-data, as Russell says, are the things that are immediately known to us in sensation (Russell, 11). For instance, we have a sensation of greenness when we see a patch of green. Thus, whenever we see a colour, we have a sensation of the colour, but the colour itself is sense-datum, not a sensatio n. (12) Sense-data is therefore an important concept distinguished from the physical world full of physical objects; it is the only part of the world with which we have direct acquaintance. (To Russell, like most philosophers, a physical object is comprised of matter, and exists independently of the mind.) Although sense-data causes sensations of qualities in physical objects, the object and its sense-data are not co-dependent. While we doubt the physical existence of an object, we are not doubting the sense-data, which initially inspired the idea of the objects existence. The difficulty with Russells sense-data is its inaccuracy. He describes, It has appeared that, if we take any common object of the sort that is supposed to be known by the sense, what the senses immediately tell us is not the truth about the object as it is apart from us, but only that the truth about certain sense-data which, so far as we can see, depend upon the relations between us and the object (16). As the author explains in later chapters, sense-data can only be received

What Is a Floor Plan and Can You Build a House With It

A floor plan or house plan is a simple two-dimensional (2D) line drawing showing a structures walls and rooms as though seen from above. In a floor plan, what you see is the PLAN of the FLOOR. Its sometimes spelled floor-plan but never as one word; floorplan is a misspelling. Floor Plan Features A floor plan is very much like a map, with lengths and widths, sizes and scales of how far apart things are. Walls, doorways, and windows are usually drawn to scale, meaning proportions are somewhat accurate even if a scale designation (such as 1 inch1 foot) is not indicated. Built-in furniture and equipment like bathtubs, sinks, and closets are often showcased in floor plans of a house; Gustav Stickley and Frank Lloyd Wright drew built-in seating and bookcases in the inglenook. Key Words floor plan: 2D drawing shows exterior and interior walls, doors, and windows; detailing variesblueprint: detailed architectural drawing used as a construction document or builders guide (refers to an old printing method of white lines on blue paper)rendering: as used by an architect, an elevation drawing showing what a finished structure will look like from different perspectivesbumwad: onion skin tracing paper used by architects to draw initial floor plans; also called trash, trace, or scratch paper, it is as thin as toilet paper, but stronger; rolls of tracing paper come in yellow (easier to see through layers on a light table or light box) or white (easier to make electronic copies)schematic: an architects scheme of how to satisfy a clients needs; the initial design phase of an architects process includes floor plansdollhouse view: 3D floor plan seen from overhead, like looking into a doll house without a roof; easily produced from digital floor plans Evolution of Selection and Technology Howard Sokol / Getty Images Plans may begin on a cocktail napkin. Although usually drawn to scale, a floor plan can be a simple diagram showing the layout of the rooms. An architect may begin with schematic drawings on tracing paper, which is sometimes amusingly called bumwad. As the scheme evolves, more detail is added to the floor plan. A real advantage to working with an architect on a project is the expertise in design. Branislav / Getty Images Today, architects use digitized floor plans to sell their designs. Well before home computers, however, floor plans were often included in pattern books and developers catalogs in order to better sell the presented real estate. In the early 1900s, the American Foursquare was popular. This method of advertising and selling product was used in the 1950s and 1960s to market dreams of home ownership. If you have an older home, it may have been purchased in the early 20th century equivalent to online shopping, the mail order catalog. Companies such as Sears, Roebuck and Co.  and Montgomery Ward advertised free floor plans and instructions, so long as the supplies were bought from those companies. Browsing an index of selected floor plans from these catalogs would help you find your dream home. For newer homes, explore the internet for companies that offer stock plans. By looking at floor plans, you may find your home as a popular design. With simple floor plans, homeowners can conduct a type of architectural investigation. Westend61 / Getty Images Today, there are many easy-to-use tools to draw a digital floor plan. Sometimes people use these such tools to document historic architecture, like the Gothic Salisbury Cathedral in Wiltshire, England, built between 1220 and 1258. Drawing a Building From the Ground Up Sorry, but you cannot build a house with only a floor plan and a picture. When shopping for house plans or building plans, you may study the floor plans to see how space is arranged, especially the rooms and how traffic may flow. However, a floor plan is not a blueprint or a construction plan. Iit is not enough to build a house. While floor plans give the big picture of living spaces, they do not have enough information for builders to actually construct the home. Your builder will need complete blueprints, or construction-ready drawings, with technical information that you will not find on most floor plans. You need a complete set of construction plans that includes not only floor plans, but cross-section drawings, electrical and plumbing plans, elevation drawings or renderings, and many other types of diagrams, as well. On the other hand, if you provide your architect or professional home designer with a floor plan and a photo, he or she may be able to create construction-ready drawings for you. Your pro would need to make decisions about many details that are not ordinarily included on simple floor plans. For example, if your building site has expansive views in specific directions, an architect will take advantage of that aspect by suggesting certain window sizes and orientation. It is best to avoid a crazy-quilt plan, in which spaces are plopped down almost randomly with no overriding concept of how they fit together. Our brains need to find a reason why things are where they are. More often than not, this is a subconscious realization. A house designed with an understandable concept offers clarity and comfort.(Hirsch, 2008) Better yet, get your hands on some powerful DIY home designer software. You can experiment with design and simplify some of the difficult decisions and choices always involved in new projects. Sometimes you can export digital files in a comparable format to give your building professional a head start in completing the necessary blueprint specifications. The right software takes a simple floor plan and turns it into renderings, dollhouse views, and even virtual tours. The process of design is very enlightening, and playing with such software can be a lot of fun. Resources and Further Reading Hirsch, William J. Designing Your Perfect House: Lessons from an Architect. 2nd ed., Dalsimer, 2008.

The Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer - 897 Words

Geoffrey Chaucer had done many things including being a son of a merchant, page in the royal house, soldier, diplomat, and a royal clerk. Being all thing thinks he has seen quite of the world which helped him write â€Å"The Canterbury Tales† and through this piece of work he did entertains us. We consider this as a masterpiece that provides the best contemporary. He wrote a collection of stories to make a political point. He died before he was done righting all of his poems and short stories. Also Chaucer is known as the father of the English language not because he made it up it’s because he was the first person to spell it. It was the language of the lower class people who talked this language. In one of the poems he wrote called â€Å"The Canterbury Tales† there are 3 people that I think are my favorite. In â€Å"The Canterbury Tales† by Chaucer there is a knight that he talks about. I choose the night as one of my favorite because in his description he sounds like someone you would want to walk a long journey with him. The knight is truthful and I think that is already a good start because sometimes when you are truthful people like to talk to you and be around you. It’s also something good that people say about you and being truthful is a good thing. I think that he has been taught well because he also has some honorable knight and I visualize a good knight having a lot of respect and also being respectful too. With the respect that he has I would think that he didn’tShow MoreRelatedThe Canterbury Tales, by Geoffrey Chaucer1582 Words   |  7 Pages Geoffrey Chaucer wrote the Canterbury tales a collection of short tales in the 14th century. The compilation of stories are told by different characters within the narrative as part of a game proposed by the host. Each individual must tell two stories on their journey and two stories on their way back. Each story tells some aspects of English life during the time and often added satire like qualities to the English life. In particular Chaucer often tells stories with elements of the relationshipRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer913 Words   |  4 PagesThe Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer consists of frame narratives were a group of pilgrims that are traveling from Southwark to the shire of St. Becker in the Canterbury Cathedral, tell each other to pass time until they arrive at their destination. During The Canterbury Tales the reader is exposed to many characters that represent all of the social classes of medieval England and the reader gets to know them from t he general prologue to each individual tale. One of these characters is the PardonerRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer2127 Words   |  9 PagesIt is unknown when Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales, but it is assumed that he wrote it in 1387. There are many different aspects and themes throughout this paper that are very prominent. One theme that is very important is the importance of company. This entire tale is about twenty-nine pilgrims who all tell tales while on a pilgrimage to the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket in Canterbury. The importance of company is that this is a pilgrimage that requires companions and friendship. ThoughRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer1073 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer introduced and described a variety of fictional characters that lived in the Middle Ages. It was the time period that European civilians were governed by a system called feudalism. Where kings were the head of the s ystem and everyone was categorized in social classes. In the prologue of The Canterbury Tales the first character introduced was the knight. Geoffrey Chaucer depicts the knight correctly by characterizing him as a chivalrous and honorable man,Read MoreThe Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer1585 Words   |  7 Pageswas published toward the end of his life, Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales was his longest and most popular work. The plot is made up of tales told by thirty-one different pilgrims as they embark on a pilgrimage to the shrine of Saint Thomas a Becket in Canterbury. His initial idea was to have each pilgrim tell four stories a piece during the pilgrimage, but Chaucer either died before finishing or decided to change this idea, as only twenty-four tales presently make up the work. The prologue ofRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer963 Words   |  4 PagesThe Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer is a collection of 24 stories written during the Midd le Ages. The tales were written with the intent of criticizing the functions of societal standards as well as the beliefs of the Church. â€Å"The Miller’s Tale,† one the most popular stories, offers unique insights into the customs and practices of the English middle class during the Middle Ages. The story follows the lives of John, Absolon, and Nicholas, three men who are involved with a beautiful woman namedRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer2221 Words   |  9 Pagesin medieval literature is the Canterbury Tales written by Geoffrey Chaucer. This research seeks to examine the life of Chaucer, the Canterbury Tales, and the impact and legacy of both the author and the work. Agnes Copton gave birth to a baby boy c. 1340, whom she named Geoffrey. The baby took the surname of his father John Chaucer, who came from a family of wine merchants. The family relied on strategic relationships to subsidize where they lacked in wealth. Chaucer was fluent in French, ItalianRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer2664 Words   |  11 PagesThe Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales was written by Geoffrey Chaucer in 1392, during the medieval period in Europe. Three important aspects, his family’s ties to the court, his schooling and working for royalty (XI), and his love for reading and learning (XII) all combined and enabled him to create his greatest work, The Canterbury Tales. Chaucer includes many different characters, pilgrims, all from very unique walks of life. Although there are not as many women included as men, their storiesRead MoreCanterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer1380 Words   |  6 PagesCanterbury Tales Canterbury Tales written by Geoffrey Chaucer was a story of not the people themselves but a social statement of how the people of higher standing were viewed by the middle class. In the time that Canterbury Tales was written it was a time of corruption of the Church. There were many clergy members that were mentioned in this story. Each of the characters was unique in the way they went against the standards they should be held to. The most interesting this story was definitely TheRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer1777 Words   |  8 PagesCanterbury Tales takes place in the late 1300’s also known as the Middle ages. Prior to and at this point in time, people tend to be more conservative and to themselves. Geoffrey Chaucer, the author of these stories does something most authors didn’t do at this time, he ironically pointed out the flaws of the medieval English society. He does this by using estate satire. The Canterbury Tales is a great example of the B ritish human experience at that point in time. Chaucer does a great job describing

Death Of Woman Wang Essay free essay sample

The traditional ideal woman was a pendent being whose behavior was governed by the three obediences and four virtues. The three obediences were obedience to father before marriage, the husband after marriage, and the son in case of widows. The four virtues were propriety in behavior, speech, demeanor and employment. The laws of the land and fear of shame in society dictated that men were allowed to rule over their household leaving women in a powerless state as almost a slave of the home.In Pups stories women are portrayed as complex characters who hold important roles in the family, but are treated with little o no respect by authority figures, and other men of higher class. In The Death Of Woman Wang, Spence portrays Cairo 2 marriage as a lifelong bond of loyalty between a couple, and then continues on to shows the darker side with the death of husbands and the death of woman Wang after she ran away. We will write a custom essay sample on Death Of Woman Wang Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Spence portrayal of marriage and family in this novel in my opinion is seen as strong.I would characterize this portrait of marriage and family as being loyal. In the stories that Spence shares with us, with an exception to The Woman Who Ran Away, that the woman who are married are indeed very loyal to their husbands. In the city of Than-chosen, marrying someone meant that you would be loyal to them and that the couple would be together until death. It was the womans virtue that defined whether she was to be honored or condemned.You can see this by what Spence says, The virtues fostered were those of chastity, courage, tenacity, and unquestioning acceptance of the privileging hierarchy- unto death if necessary: fifteen of the listed women had committed suicide, and in thirteen of the suicides the motive was loyalty to a deceased husband or to avoid rape, which would home both wife and husband (Spence 100). The women being described by this passage really show their sense of loyalty to their husband. They did not want to be publicly shamed if they did do something with another man.So in order to keep their own honor and the honor of their dead husband they would either disfigure themselves so they did not seem suitable for another man, or to the extreme, kill themselves. Which was thought of as being the honorable thing to do because it showed their loyalty. Another account told by Spence about how women are very loyal and stay strong to their deceased Cubans is in the story of The Widow where her husband died from a violent illness. Woman An beat her breast and cried out again and again Oh, husband, you have passed away and I shall follow you. Shortly after she threw herself into a fire, but rescued.. . One day she tricked her mother in law into leaving the room she was locked in, barred the door, and hanged Cairo 3 herself (Spence 70-71). This young girl of 18 years old, loved her husband very much and when he died it hit her hard. She did what was the honorable and loyal thing to do, which was killing herself. Since she was only 18 there was a good chance that someone else might have come along and tried to marry her but she did what Was best for her family because a womans proper role, then, was that of bringing honor to her husband.The next topic that Spence talks about is the different types of relationships between men and women in China. One of the woman Spences speaks of is the widowed woman who was about to be raped by the Munch troops. She is able to trick them into coming into her house after she dug a hole in the ground form them to fall into and die. An example of a great relationship in the story is the marriage of His-LU and Aka. His-LU says to her husband Aka, Would you be willing to give up attending to our family s business affairs and let me look after them? Aka let her take over; for six months everything went well with the familys affairs, and Aka praised her (Spence 63). His-LU did such a good job with what Aka asked of her to do that he praised her very much. He let his wife take care of the familys expenses and pay the bills. During this time woman running the household and paying bills is unheard of. No man would let a woman do the job that he was supposed to be doing, but Aka saw how smart his wife was and let her do her thing. It turned out for the best.Along from this relationship, other women in relationships, along with widows, are treated very poorly. Men were considered higher up and better than women so men and women were not equals. Spence has been able to show throw the novel The Death of Woman Wang the positive and negative sides to these relationships that took place in seventeenth century China. Cairo 4 The lives of women and experiences they faced were due to the stereotypes hat are given to women during the time of the seventeenth century.Women are meant to be married, have children, and to attend to the needs of her husband as well as the needs of the household, not do the work of their husbands like His-LU did. Spence allows women in his China to take the roll of what a man does. Women that lived in Than-chosen did not have great experiences because some of the women had their houses raided and burned down, raped, shamed the family name by re-marrying or widowing, as well as doing a mans job. The experiences that women had were based costly on the families they came from and their financial and marital status.Women who were widowed encountered what they said to be fox spirits so that gave them hope in their lives. In an encounter with an old woman the fox spirit says, You dont have to worry. Im good at making my own living in this way When the old lady saw how friendly and helpful she was, and how sweet, she felt at ease (Spence 60). This gives the widow hope because someone is helping her in her life. Not just trying to make it worse by trying to get the widowed woman a new husband.Lastly, Jonathan Spence uses fiction to enrich our understanding of women, family and the law in late seventeenth-century China. Spences creation of multiple stories help us understand better the lives that these Woman were having during this time period. It shows us that these women could prevail even through the shaming that might happen within her family. Spence uses Pups stories to illustrate the time of men and women during the King dynasty and how living in early -ran-chosen many terrible things that happened to themselves and their land. In Tan-chosen there is a lot of terrible things happening like said at the beginning of the novel, In 1670, the peoples problem was one of the basic survival physical and moral- in a world Cairo 5 that seemed to be disintegrated before their eyes (Spence 9). People could not afford to live where they did, because of the devastation that took place. Living in early Than-chosen was a struggle for the rich and the poor the land law made locals give crops that they barely even had enough too, to the magistrates.This puts into perspective of how lucky we are now and how we o not have to deal with dreadful things like this. All in all the role that women have in seventeenth century China in my opinion played a very important role, but during the time they did not care about the women at all. The married women at the time had a strong relationship with their husband. The couples stayed together until death, and sometimes if the husband died the widow would stay loyal and not get another hu sband.